Practical
Physics “ THE REQUISITES” Ultrasound By William D.Middleton , Alfred B.Kutrz and
Barbara S.Hertzberg Chapter 1. Part I
Instrumentation
Piezoelectric Crystals
Static
B. Mode Systems
Real-Time
Transducers
Transducers
Multi-element
Array Transducers
Phased.Array
Transducers
Linear
Array or Linear Sequenced .Array Transducers
Cuned•Array
Transducers
Annular-Array
Transducers
Arrays
Intraruminal Probes
Harmonic Imaging
Real-Time Compounding
Extended-Field. Of-view Imaging Three-Dimensional Ultrasound
Imaging
Gary-Seale Optimization
Transducer power Output
Gain
Focal zone
Field
of View
Line
Density
Gary-Scale
Curves
Dynamic
Range
Persistence 
Doppler Sonography
Pulsed Doppler
Color Doppler
power Doppler
Doppler Optimization
Transducer Frequency
Gain
Power
pulse Repetition Frequency
(Doppler Scale)
Ensemble Length
wall Filter
Color Priority
Ream
Steering
ArlIfacts
Shadowing
posterior Enhancement
Mirror Images
Refraction
Reverberation
Ring Down
Side Lobe
Slice
Thickness
Alasing
Tissue Vibration
Contrast Agents
For Key Features summary sce p. 26
Sonography has been a
valuable method of imaging the body for many years. One of the most important
of the many reasons sonography is an especially -attractive technique is its
lack of ionizing radiation. Sonography can provide clinically useful information
without clinically significant biologic effects on the patient. This is
especially critical in obstetrics and is also Very important in the pediatric
patient population. A second unique aspect of sonography is the real-time
nature Of the examination. This makes it possible to evaluate rapidly moving
structures such as the heart and äsicr to examine the fetus and patients who
cannot suspend respiration Or cannot cooperate. A third advantage Of sonography
is its multiplanar imaging capability. Realtime equipment ane!
three-dimensional capabilities make possible great flexibility in the selection
of imaging 
and the ease of altering these planes, which
allows f(jr rapid determination of the origin of logic masses and analysis of
spatial relationships of ous structures. portable nature or the equipment is
another advantage that sonography has over Other
sectional modalities such as
computed tomography (CT) and
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), Another advantagc of sonographv• i.' its
excellent res•ilution of superficial structur+ Doppler hn.ques add the
advantage
Of qualitative and
quantitative evaluation of flow Finally. in the era containment. song;ra
phy is an-attractive study for
manv clinical 
problems. csöecia!l: in
situations In which mul!iple examinaü.._a
are necessarv or when screen-ihg of large patient is desired All Of these factors make sonographv an
extremely saluable tool in
investigation of a vas: array disorders
Any radiologist who performs
diagnostic must have an tuldersÄåÄding of the physical principles of ihis
lechniQuc and the instrufnektation available for detecting and displayfng the
acoustic inform.ation. In this Chibter the discussion is limited to the pracucai physical principles that are most relevant
to the practice of
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